{"id":2622,"date":"2012-07-26T23:47:36","date_gmt":"2012-07-26T16:47:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/?p=2622"},"modified":"2021-04-13T20:56:20","modified_gmt":"2021-04-13T13:56:20","slug":"maria-montessori-1870-1952","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/vi\/khoa-hoc\/maria-montessori-1870-1952.html","title":{"rendered":"Maria Montessori (1870-1952)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Maria Montessori m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e2m l\u00ed tr\u1ebb em.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n<\/h3>\n

Maria Montessori (1870 \u2013 1952) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, b\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd. 1896 b\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Rome v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1eef b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u00dd. B\u00e0 l\u00e0m tr\u1ee3 l\u00ed b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Santo Spirite v\u00e0 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m t\u01b0.
\nTrong khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, b\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a hai b\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, Jean-Marc Gaspard ITARD v\u00e0 Edouard SEGUIN, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n. Maria \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf.
\nTrong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1899 \u0111\u1ebfn 1901, b\u00e0 tham gia H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf Turin v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef qu\u1ed1c gia. B\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho tr\u1ebb em \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u00e0i thi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ecdc sinh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng.
\n1901, Maria Montessori ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Rome. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1903 \u0111\u1ebfn 1908, Maria l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Rome v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n

T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1906, b\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em \u1edf tu\u1ed5i m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 b\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Montessori. 6\/1\/1907, Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb th\u01a1 ::: \u201cCasa Dei Bambini\u201d \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i San Lorenzo, \u00dd. 1908, b\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Montessori \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em qua th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng cho n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.
\nN\u0103m 1909, Maria Montessori t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 1 tr\u0103m gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean tham gia. C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m n\u00e0y, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Khoa h\u1ecdc ::: La P\u00e9dagogie Scientifique<\/span> ra \u0111\u1eddi, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p.
\nTrong n\u0103m 1911 v\u00e0 1912, nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc Montessori \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i M\u0129, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Alexander Graham Bell, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc Montessori ngay t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Montessori :: The Montessori Method \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. B\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Montessori.
\nT\u1eeb n\u0103m 1913 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2018, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn M\u0129 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3a v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Montessori M\u0129 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 John Dewey, Thomas Edison et Helen Keller. Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Montessori \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i M\u0129.
\nN\u0103m 1917, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Lan, n\u01a1i b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Hugo de Vries. Cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc cho kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m ::: p\u00e9riodes sensibles<\/span>.
\nGi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1922 v\u00e0 1923, Lilli E. Peller-Roubiczek (1898-1966) th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb th\u01a1 Montessori \u1edf Vienne, \u00c1o. Montessori xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n Tr\u1ebb em trong Gia \u0111\u00ecnh ::: L\u2019Enfant dans la Famille<\/span>.
\nN\u0103m 1930, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt ra \u0111\u1eddi, b\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. N\u0103m 1934, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 p\u00e1t x\u00edt, Maria Montessori t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan v\u1edbi con trai. 1935, Maria Montessori xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Tr\u1ebb em ::: L\u2019Enfant<\/span>.
\nN\u0103m 1936, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u00dd ph\u00e1t x\u00edt l\u00ean \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Maria Montessori. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Montessori b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. Maria Montessori r\u1eddi \u00dd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Nh\u01b0ng khi t\u1edbi Franco b\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1n sang H\u00e0 Lan tr\u00ean con t\u00e0u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Anh. B\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Montessori Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ::: Association Montessori Internationale<\/span> t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.
\nN\u0103m 1939, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. \u1ede Madras, b\u00e0 b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u00dd cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1945. B\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng Montessori. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 : Gandhi, Nehru v\u00e0 Tagor\u00e9 v\u00e0 b\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh.
\nN\u0103m 1945, b\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1947 b\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n. B\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m Montessori t\u1ea1i \u00dd theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.
\nN\u0103m 1949, Maria Montessori xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Tinh th\u1ea7n H\u1ea5p thu c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em ::: L\u2019Esprit absorbant de l\u2019enfant<\/span> truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 tr\u1ebb em, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hindu. [1]<\/p>\n

Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n