V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1918, khi chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t k\u1ebft th\u00fac, tr\u1ebb em \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn binh d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc,… ph\u1ea3i hi sinh v\u00ec t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, ph\u1ea3i v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, b\u00e1c s\u0129, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00ed h\u1ecdc… \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1eefa. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 Rudolf Steiner, Maria Montessori, C\u00e9lestin Freinet, Alexander S. Neill, Ovide Decroly, Paul Geheeb, Janusz Korczak, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ri\u00eang. Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Thu\u1ef5 \u0110i\u1ec3n, Adolphe Ferri\u00e8re, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p li\u00ean minh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u 1900 \u1edf kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00ed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n… \u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ebb em t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc cho tr\u1ebb nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef chung, h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1c quan, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 thao, kho\u1ea3 th\u00e2n…<\/p>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: n\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang hay gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 cho tr\u1ebb t\u1ef1 to hay \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt, h\u1ecdc theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng. Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i do nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i di s\u1ea3n c\u00f2n t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n
B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch theo phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c 1918-1939 ::: R\u00e9volution \u00e9cole 1918-1939 c\u1ee7a Joanna Grudzinsk chi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Arte c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n
C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt: 4\/4\/2018.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1918, khi chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t k\u1ebft th\u00fac, tr\u1ebb em \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn binh d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc,… ph\u1ea3i hi sinh v\u00ec t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, ph\u1ea3i v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, b\u00e1c s\u0129, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00ed h\u1ecdc… \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1946,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[12,2],"tags":[37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1943"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1943"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1943\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1948,"href":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1943\/revisions\/1948"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1946"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1943"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1943"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/2020.envisafety.com\/vi201\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1943"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}